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Cinema of Latvia dates back to 1910 when the first short films were made.〔(Culture And Customs of the Baltic States By Kevin O'Connor )〕 The first cinematic screening in Riga took place on May 28, 1896.〔(The most important dates in the film history of Latvia )〕 By 1914 all major cities in Latvia had cinemas where newsreels, documentaries and mostly foreign made short films were screened. Two years after cinema was invented by Lumiere brothers, on 22 January 1898 Sergei Eisenstein was born in Riga. The first Latvian feature film ''Lāčplēsis'' directed by Aleksandrs Rusteiķis was released in 1930. ''The Fisherman's Son'' (1939), directed by Vilis Jānis Lapenieks,〔(Vilis Janis Lapenieks at IMDB )〕 is considered a Latvian classic ending the era of filmmaking before the outbreak of World War II.〔 After the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 Lapenieks emigrated and after the end of the war his son Vilis Lapenieks began his film-making career abroad where he has been credited internationally as cinematographer on more than 63 titles.〔(Vilis Lapenieks @ IMDB )〕 The Riga Documentary Film Studio was created in Latvia during the first year of Soviet occupation. During the first decades of Soviet rule filmmakers in Latvia were coming mostly from Soviet Russia creating propaganda films to depict the victory of Socialism. After the death of Stalin in 1953 a more liberal period in Soviet Union's cultural policies followed. Filmmakers started to enjoy greater artistic control at the same time the Soviet State Committee for Cinematography (Goskino) in Moscow provided the money, state censorship body Glavlit and CPSU Department of Culture had the control over releasing the movies.〔 The first Latvian feature films produced during the era still had to meet the ideological requirements of the Soviet regime: ''The Story of a Latvian Rifleman'' (1957) directed by Pavels Armands and ''Tobago Changes Its Course'' (1965) directed by Aleksandrs Leimanis were produced. In 1963 the Riga Film Studio completed the construction of 1890 m2 film studios complex.〔 In the 1970s Aleksandrs Leimanis and Gunārs Piesis became the most popular directors in Latvia making a series of historical adventure films. ''Put, vejini'' ("Blow, Wind") (1973) directed by Piesis is a movie based on a play of Latvian poet Rainis. ''Naves ena'' (In the Shadow of Death) (1971) is adopted from a story of Rudolfs Blaumanis. One of the most popular films from the era is ''Limuzīns Jāņu nakts krāsā'' ("Limousine the Color of St John's Night") (1981) directed by Jānis Streičs, a light parody on the Soviet system.〔 Juris Podnieks became a director of documentaries in 1979 and his first film ''Cradle'' won an award at the Leipzig DOK Festival. In 1981, his ''The Brothers Kokar'' took the first prize at Kiev Youth Festival. In the same year, his film ''Constellation of Riflemen'' won honours in the 17th All State Festival in Leningrad and the Latvian Komsomol prize. This film gave Podnieks wide recognition within the Soviet Union. Podnieks gained international recognition thanks to his movie '''Is It Easy to Be Young?''. The film with dialogue in both Latvian and Russian was an exploration of Soviet youth. As the Soviet Union collapsed, Podnieks cooperated with British television to give a first-hand insight on events in the Soviet Union. Over three years, Podnieks filmed a five-part documentary titled ''Hello, do you hear us?''. Later, Podnieks filmed movies that focused on the rise of national identity in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. His movie ''Homeland'' was an account of folk festivals in these countries when national songs which had been banned by the Soviet regime for 50 years, were sung by massed choirs. While filming a follow-up to this movie in January 1991, Podnieks and crew came under sniper fire during the attempted coup by Soviet forces in Riga. Podnieks was beaten up, his cameraman and long-time friend Andris Slapiņš killed and Gvido Zvaigzne, another collaborator and friend of Podnieks, died of injuries later.〔("Keep Filming" ''City Paper'' )〕 This material was captured on video and showed as an addition to ''Homeland'', and later as an introduction for the revised version of this film. Four of Podnieks' films received the Lielais Kristaps prize as best documentary of the year. Other most notable Latvian directors from the era are Aivars Freimanis and Rolands Kalniņš. Latvia's top film actors during the era were Eduards Pāvuls, Lilita Bārziņa, Gunārs Cilinskis and Kārlis Sebris. After Latvia regained independence in 1991, the most successful Latvian filmmakers have been Jānis Streičs receiving ''Rights of the Child Award'' (1994) at the Chicago International Children's Film Festival for ''Cilvēka bērns'' (1991);〔(Janis Streicsawards at IMDB )〕 Jānis Putniņš the winner of the Best Film and Best Screenplay at the Latvian National Film Festival in 2007 for ''Vogelfrei'' (2007);〔(Janis Putnins' awards at IMDB )〕 Varis Brasla whose ''Ziemassvetku jampadracis'' (1996) has won Children's Film Award at Würzburg International Filmweekend, the Children's Jury Award at the Chicago International Children's Film Festival.;〔(Varis Brasla's awards at IMDB )〕 Aivars Freimanis a nominee for International Independent Award at the International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg;〔(Aivars Freimanis' awards at IMDB )〕 Una Celma Honorable Mention at the Uppsala International Short Film Festival in 2001;〔(Una Celma's awards at IMDB )〕 Viestur Kairish whose debut feature film ''Pa celam aizejot'' (2001) won the Jury Prize at the Raindance Film Festival in 2002.;〔(Viesturs Kairiss' awards at IMDB )〕 and Laila Pakalnina, a winner of several film awards, a nominee for the Golden Berlin Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival for ''Udens'' (2006).〔(Laila Pakalnina awards at IMDB )〕 ==See also== * * Cinema of the world 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cinema of Latvia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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